A distinct period of abnormally elevated, expansive, or irritable mood lasting at least one week and causing impaired functioning describes which episode?

• A. Hypomanic episode
• B. Major depressive episode
• C. Panic Attack
• D. Manic episode

Answer: (D)

A manic episode is defined by a distinct period during which mood is abnormally elevated, expansive, or irritable and there is abnormally increased energy or activity. This period lasts at least one week (or any duration if hospitalization occurs) and causes marked impairment in functioning or requires hospitalization. The presence of impairment (or possible psychotic features) distinguishes mania from hypomania, which involves elevated mood and increased energy but does not cause such marked impairment and typically lasts at least four days. Panic attacks are sudden, episodic surges of fear with physical symptoms, not sustained mood elevation, and major depressive episodes involve depressed mood and loss of interest rather than elevated mood and increased energy. Therefore, the described episode fits a manic episode.