Spearman, Guilford, Thurstone, Vernon, and McGrew all follow what approach to intelligence theory?

• A. Sociocultural approach
• B. Information-processing theory
• C. Behavioral analysis
• D. Psychometric

Answer: (D)

Psychometric theory of intelligence emphasizes measurement and the structure of cognitive abilities through tests and statistical analysis. Spearman introduced the idea of a general intelligence factor (g) alongside specific abilities, anchoring intelligence in measurable performance. Guilford expanded the view with a broad Structure of Intellect, proposing many distinct factors that emerge from test data. Thurstone argued for several primary mental abilities based on factor-analytic findings from cognitive tests. Vernon integrated these ideas into a hierarchical model, showing how general ability influences group factors and specific skills. McGrew contributes to the modern CHC framework, a comprehensive psychometric system that maps broad and narrow cognitive abilities based on extensive testing.

Because this line of work centers on measuring intelligence with standardized tests and uncovering the structure of abilities through analysis, the psychometric approach is the best fit. Other approaches focus more on cultural context, information processing steps, or observable behavior, rather than on measurement and factor structure.