Which of the following is NOT listed as a factor that contributes to the misuse of intelligence testing?

• A. Culture
• B. Time of day
• C. Socio-economic status
• D. Language

Answer: (B)

Bias in intelligence testing arises when factors beyond a person’s true ability influence results. Culture, language, and socioeconomic status are classic sources of such bias because they shape how someone understands items, expresses answers, and benefits from prior learning or exposure. Time of day, while it can affect performance due to fatigue or alertness in any single session, isn’t typically cited as a systemic factor that causes misuse of the test—standardized administrations aim to control for that variability, and it isn’t a bias built into the test content or norms. So, time of day is not listed as a factor contributing to misuse.