Who created the Bioecological Theory of intelligence?

• A. Piaget
• B. Sternberg
• C. Ceci
• D. Luria

Answer: (C)

The item tests who linked biology and environment to explain how intelligence develops. The Bioecological Theory of intelligence was developed by Pamela Ceci in collaboration with Urie Bronfenbrenner, extending Bronfenbrenner’s ecological framework to cognitive abilities. This view holds that intelligence isn’t a fixed trait handed down by biology alone; it emerges from dynamic, ongoing interactions between a person and their surroundings across time. Central ideas include proximal processes—the repeated, meaningful interactions with people and tasks that drive cognitive growth—and the nested environmental systems (from family and school to culture and society) that shape those interactions. The timing of experiences also matters, so intellectual development reflects both the biological foundation and the opportunities provided by environment and culture over time. That’s why performance on tests and the expression of cognitive skills can vary with context, learning opportunities, and cultural expectations. The other figures listed are known for different theories—Piaget for stages of cognitive development, Sternberg for a triarchic theory of intelligence, and Luria for neuropsychology and cultural-historical approaches—rather than this integrated bioecological view of intelligence.