Who was disproportionately affected by biased intelligence testing as described?

• A. Organizations and governments.
• B. Highly educated professionals.
• C. People of color and those with lower socio-economic status and language barriers.
• D. Invited to participate in focus groups.

Answer: (C)

Biased intelligence tests tend to reflect the experiences, language, and educational resources of the group used to develop and norm the test. When test content and norms favor a particular cultural background, individuals outside that background—specifically people of color, those with lower socioeconomic status, and those facing language barriers—tend to be disadvantaged. Their scores may reflect cultural or linguistic mismatch rather than true ability, leading to disproportionate negative impacts. The other options don’t capture who is most affected by the bias itself: organizations or governments may use biased tests, but the bias impacts individuals more than institutions; highly educated professionals typically score closer to norms; and being invited to focus groups isn’t related to the bias in testing.